How do people understand vision and the act of seeing? What is the eye and how is it understood to be connected to the brain? How do people look at gods and how do the gods look at people? And what can images tell us about these processes? Visuality Before and Beyond the Renaissance examines the phenomenon of 'seeing' through a study of art works from ancient Mesopotamia, China, Africa and European works ranging from antiquity to the early modern period. It demonstrates that in ancient and distant societies, the act of seeing has been and is understood in diverse ways with consequences for the production of art, the practice of religion, and the individual's perception of her world and herself. Treating diverse cultures and using a variety of methods from the humanities, social sciences, and sciences, this book exposes the cultural contexts in which visual perception develops.